历史时期中国的经济中心南移必然跟农业的发展有关,但不是简单稻谷改良的结果。历史时期稻米品种最大的改变是占城稻的引入,这远晚于中国经济中心迁移的时间。按照历史地理学的经典说法,南方特别是江南水稻土改良完成后南方稻作农业开始大兴起。
汉代时北方的主要粮食已经从粟转为麦。(古书中麦应该是指小麦,大麦叫�)汉书食货志载董仲舒奏:
"春秋它谷不书,至于麦禾不成则书之,以此见圣人于五谷最重麦与禾也。今关中俗不好 种麦,是岁失春秋之所重,而损生民之具也。愿陛下幸诏大司农,使关中民益种宿 麦,令毋后时" ;又�胜之书多记麦作方法。所以何炳棣,许倬云等人都认为麦在当时已经是最重要的粮食。 而当时北方也种稻,还发展了先育种在插秧的种稻方法。 不过耕作方式的改进只是一个方面。南方的发展除了稻作农业的兴起还有一个气候变化的大背景。 禹贡里面把扬,荆的土地列为最劣等,就是因为当时南方土地过于潮湿泥泞。长江流域史前时代的考古证明这一地区曾经是非常繁荣的,长江流域在新石器晚期并非蛮荒之地,在某些方面甚至相对于黄河流域的文化还先进一些。那么为什么之后就落后于中原?很多人想到了气候这个因素,认为夏商时期南方进入了一个过于潮湿的时期,所以有河姆渡良渚淞泽的海侵说,大溪屈家岭石家河的洪水说。而进入历史时期整个中国逐渐转为暖干,西北就日显干旱,而东南则潮湿渐退,古时的云梦,震泽也都缩小或不见了。宜耕土地也因此日渐增多,人口也自然增多。
星期三, 十月 21, 2009
星期日, 十月 18, 2009
娼妓才女说
据曰说文解字:妓,妇人小物也。段玉裁注:今俗用为女伎之字。伎,同技
所以古人所谓妓女实指有才技的女性,妓就是才女
究竟是什么才技呢?
女性就人类总体来说,于生产上贡献不如男性,于生活上确有生育最大之功
那么女姓最大的功用就是生育了,这也确实衡量女性的最重要标准,所谓好生养
但是这个标准是以配偶为最终目的的,而一夫一妻制则束缚了这种标准的适用范围
相对于无限的男性欲望而言,一妻是永远不足的,所以有妾和妓,不过这里先放下妾这个复杂的话题
妓不是来完成生育这个最重要的才技,那么其所谓才技是什么呢?
应是妻不能满足的各种技能,
男性在生育之外尚有多余的生理欲望,由此看来应该是床上之技了
可单纯的床上之技女性很难如男性那样容易发挥,且与个人感受相关
此外男性的性欲又是有限的,特别是对于妻妾成群的消费群而言
因而进而有了歌妓、乐妓、舞妓、诗妓、词妓等各色才妓来应对各种不同的生理欲望
于是各种才女逐渐成为古时娼妓的翘首
不过现时的中国才从几十年的性压抑樊笼中解脱出来
多少有些过于迷恋床第之欢
繁荣娼盛的路刚刚起步。。。
所以古人所谓妓女实指有才技的女性,妓就是才女
究竟是什么才技呢?
女性就人类总体来说,于生产上贡献不如男性,于生活上确有生育最大之功
那么女姓最大的功用就是生育了,这也确实衡量女性的最重要标准,所谓好生养
但是这个标准是以配偶为最终目的的,而一夫一妻制则束缚了这种标准的适用范围
相对于无限的男性欲望而言,一妻是永远不足的,所以有妾和妓,不过这里先放下妾这个复杂的话题
妓不是来完成生育这个最重要的才技,那么其所谓才技是什么呢?
应是妻不能满足的各种技能,
男性在生育之外尚有多余的生理欲望,由此看来应该是床上之技了
可单纯的床上之技女性很难如男性那样容易发挥,且与个人感受相关
此外男性的性欲又是有限的,特别是对于妻妾成群的消费群而言
因而进而有了歌妓、乐妓、舞妓、诗妓、词妓等各色才妓来应对各种不同的生理欲望
于是各种才女逐渐成为古时娼妓的翘首
不过现时的中国才从几十年的性压抑樊笼中解脱出来
多少有些过于迷恋床第之欢
繁荣娼盛的路刚刚起步。。。
星期三, 十月 07, 2009
photosynthetic Spectrophotometry Guess
Despite sun has complicated structure with lots of sphere, the radiation of sun is similar to 5800K black body.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Solar_Spectrum.png
Based on Wien's Displacement Low, the peak of emission from 5800K black body is about 500nm (0.0029/5800), which is lime-green. But, due to the atmosphere absorption, the peak of sunlight on sea level is above 500nm, almost 600nm, a kind of redshift.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Chlorophyll_ab_spectra.png
While the most common chlorophyll, a and b, have approximate absorbance maxima of 450nm and 650nm. Why not they use the peak of sunlight on the sea level? Ha...the first guess is the chlorophyll's ability, they can only use those band of sunlight due to their special structure. Sounds great...but there is also other kinds of pigment to absorb different spectral band, like chlorophyll D also use infrared light. Why the major chlorophyll absorb lime-green and red rather than the peak of sunlight in yellow. I guess the chlorophyll originate in the early earth where the atmosphere is thin at that time.
However, I can not find the pigment whose absorbance maxima just at 600nm:(...and the difference between 450 and 600 is not so much. Or the chlorophyll reflectance in green and yellow is kind of protection against excessive radiation as radiation inhibition.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Solar_Spectrum.png
Based on Wien's Displacement Low, the peak of emission from 5800K black body is about 500nm (0.0029/5800), which is lime-green. But, due to the atmosphere absorption, the peak of sunlight on sea level is above 500nm, almost 600nm, a kind of redshift.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Chlorophyll_ab_spectra.png
While the most common chlorophyll, a and b, have approximate absorbance maxima of 450nm and 650nm. Why not they use the peak of sunlight on the sea level? Ha...the first guess is the chlorophyll's ability, they can only use those band of sunlight due to their special structure. Sounds great...but there is also other kinds of pigment to absorb different spectral band, like chlorophyll D also use infrared light. Why the major chlorophyll absorb lime-green and red rather than the peak of sunlight in yellow. I guess the chlorophyll originate in the early earth where the atmosphere is thin at that time.
However, I can not find the pigment whose absorbance maxima just at 600nm:(...and the difference between 450 and 600 is not so much. Or the chlorophyll reflectance in green and yellow is kind of protection against excessive radiation as radiation inhibition.
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